自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种脑部疾病,其特征是幼儿时期出现的各种体征和症状。 ASD还与受影响个体的沟通缺陷和重复行为有关。已经开发了各种ASD检测方法,包括神经影像学和心理测试。在这些方法中,磁共振成像(MRI)成像方式对医生至关重要。临床医生依靠MRI方式准确诊断ASD。 MRI模态是非侵入性方法,包括功能(fMRI)和结构(SMRI)神经影像学方法。但是,用fMRI和SMRI诊断为专家的ASD的过程通常很费力且耗时。因此,已经开发了基于人工智能(AI)的几种计算机辅助设计系统(CAD)来协助专家医生。传统的机器学习(ML)和深度学习(DL)是用于诊断ASD的最受欢迎的AI方案。这项研究旨在使用AI审查对ASD的自动检测。我们回顾了使用ML技术开发的几个CAD,以使用MRI模式自动诊断ASD。在使用DL技术来开发ASD的自动诊断模型方面的工作非常有限。附录中提供了使用DL开发的研究摘要。然后,详细描述了使用MRI和AI技术在自动诊断ASD的自动诊断期间遇到的挑战。此外,讨论了使用ML和DL自动诊断ASD的研究的图形比较。最后,我们提出了使用AI技术和MRI神经影像学检测ASD的未来方法。
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精神分裂症(SZ)是一种精神障碍,由于大脑中特定化学品的分泌,一些脑区的功能失去平衡,导致思想,行动和情绪之间缺乏协调。本研究提供了通过脑电图(EEG)信号的自动化SZ诊断的各种智能深度学习(DL)方法。将得到的结果与传统智能方法的结果进行比较。为了实施拟议的方法,已经使用了波兰华沙精神病学与神经学研究所的数据集。首先,将EEG信号分成25秒的时间框架,然后通过Z分数或标准L2标准化。在分类步骤中,考虑通过EEG信号考虑两种不同的方法进行SZ诊断。在该步骤中,首先通过传统的机器学习方法进行EEG信号的分类,例如,支持向量机,K-CORMONT邻居,决策树,NA \“IVE贝叶斯,随机森林,极其随机树木和袋装。各种提出的DL模型,即长的短期存储器(LSTMS),一维卷积网络(1D-CNNS)和1D-CNN-LSTMS。在此步骤中,实现并比较了DL模型具有不同的激活功能。在提议的DL模型中,CNN-LSTM架构具有最佳性能。在这种架构中,使用具有Z分数和L2组合标准化的Relu激活功能。所提出的CNN-LSTM模型具有达到99.25%的准确度,比该领域的大多数前研究的结果更好。值得一提的是,为了执行所有模拟,已经使用了具有k = 5的k折叠交叉验证方法。
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准确诊断自闭症谱系障碍(ASD),随后有效康复对该疾病的管理至关重要。人工智能(AI)技术可以帮助医生应用自动诊断和康复程序。 AI技术包括传统机器学习(ML)方法和深度学习(DL)技术。常规ML方法采用各种特征提取和分类技术,但在DL中,特征提取和分类过程是智能的,一体地完成的。诊断ASD的DL方法已经专注于基于神经影像动物的方法。神经成像技术是无侵入性疾病标志物,可能对ASD诊断有用。结构和功能神经影像技术提供了关于大脑的结构(解剖结构和结构连接)和功能(活性和功能连接)的实质性信息。由于大脑的复杂结构和功能,提出了在不利用像DL这样的强大AI技术的情况下使用神经影像数据进行ASD诊断的最佳程序可能是具有挑战性的。本文研究了借助DL网络进行以区分ASD进行的研究。还评估了用于支持ASD患者的康复工具,用于利用DL网络的支持患者。最后,我们将在ASD的自动检测和康复中提出重要挑战,并提出了一些未来的作品。
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Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a treatment that is used to compensate for irregularities in the heartbeat. Studies have shown that this treatment is more effective in heart patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) arrhythmia. Therefore, identifying this arrhythmia is an important initial step in determining whether or not to use CRT. On the other hand, traditional methods for detecting LBBB on electrocardiograms (ECG) are often associated with errors. Thus, there is a need for an accurate method to diagnose this arrhythmia from ECG data. Machine learning, as a new field of study, has helped to increase human systems' performance. Deep learning, as a newer subfield of machine learning, has more power to analyze data and increase systems accuracy. This study presents a deep learning model for the detection of LBBB arrhythmia from 12-lead ECG data. This model consists of 1D dilated convolutional layers. Attention mechanism has also been used to identify important input data features and classify inputs more accurately. The proposed model is trained and validated on a database containing 10344 12-lead ECG samples using the 10-fold cross-validation method. The final results obtained by the model on the 12-lead ECG data are as follows. Accuracy: 98.80+-0.08%, specificity: 99.33+-0.11 %, F1 score: 73.97+-1.8%, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC): 0.875+-0.0192. These results indicate that the proposed model in this study can effectively diagnose LBBB with good efficiency and, if used in medical centers, will greatly help diagnose this arrhythmia and early treatment.
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The ability to effectively reuse prior knowledge is a key requirement when building general and flexible Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents. Skill reuse is one of the most common approaches, but current methods have considerable limitations.For example, fine-tuning an existing policy frequently fails, as the policy can degrade rapidly early in training. In a similar vein, distillation of expert behavior can lead to poor results when given sub-optimal experts. We compare several common approaches for skill transfer on multiple domains including changes in task and system dynamics. We identify how existing methods can fail and introduce an alternative approach to mitigate these problems. Our approach learns to sequence existing temporally-extended skills for exploration but learns the final policy directly from the raw experience. This conceptual split enables rapid adaptation and thus efficient data collection but without constraining the final solution.It significantly outperforms many classical methods across a suite of evaluation tasks and we use a broad set of ablations to highlight the importance of differentc omponents of our method.
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Federated Learning (FL) is a scheme for collaboratively training Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) with multiple data sources from different clients. Instead of sharing the data, each client trains the model locally, resulting in improved privacy. However, recently so-called targeted poisoning attacks have been proposed that allow individual clients to inject a backdoor into the trained model. Existing defenses against these backdoor attacks either rely on techniques like Differential Privacy to mitigate the backdoor, or analyze the weights of the individual models and apply outlier detection methods that restricts these defenses to certain data distributions. However, adding noise to the models' parameters or excluding benign outliers might also reduce the accuracy of the collaboratively trained model. Additionally, allowing the server to inspect the clients' models creates a privacy risk due to existing knowledge extraction methods. We propose CrowdGuard, a model filtering defense, that mitigates backdoor attacks by leveraging the clients' data to analyze the individual models before the aggregation. To prevent data leaks, the server sends the individual models to secure enclaves, running in client-located Trusted Execution Environments. To effectively distinguish benign and poisoned models, even if the data of different clients are not independently and identically distributed (non-IID), we introduce a novel metric called HLBIM to analyze the outputs of the DNN's hidden layers. We show that the applied significance-based detection algorithm combined can effectively detect poisoned models, even in non-IID scenarios. We show in our extensive evaluation that CrowdGuard can effectively mitigate targeted poisoning attacks and achieve in various scenarios a True-Positive-Rate of 100% and a True-Negative-Rate of 100%.
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通过查找图像可能不满意的图像来捕获对象检测器的错误行为,这一兴趣很长。在实际应用(例如自动驾驶)中,对于表征除了简单的检测性能要求之外的潜在失败也至关重要。例如,与远处未遗漏的汽车检测相比,错过对靠近自我车辆的行人的侦查通常需要更仔细的检查。在测试时间预测这种潜在失败的问题在文献和基于检测不确定性的传统方法中被忽略了,因为它们对这种错误的细粒度表征不可知。在这项工作中,我们建议将查找“硬”图像作为基于查询的硬图像检索任务的问题进行重新制定,其中查询是“硬度”的特定定义,并提供了一种简单而直观的方法,可以解决此任务大型查询家庭。我们的方法完全是事后的,不需要地面真相注释,独立于检测器的选择,并且依赖于有效的蒙特卡洛估计,该估计使用简单的随机模型代替地面真相。我们通过实验表明,它可以成功地应用于各种查询中,它可以可靠地识别给定检测器的硬图像,而无需任何标记的数据。我们使用广泛使用的视网膜,更快的RCNN,Mask-RCNN和CASCADE MASK-RCNN对象检测器提供有关排名和分类任务的结果。
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实现安全和强大的自主权是通往更广泛采用自动驾驶汽车技术的道路的关键瓶颈。这激发了超越外在指标,例如脱离接触之间的里程,并呼吁通过设计体现安全的方法。在本文中,我们解决了这一挑战的某些方面,重点是运动计划和预测问题。我们通过描述在自动驾驶堆栈中解决选定的子问题所采取的新方法的描述,在介绍五个之内采用的设计理念的过程中。这包括安全的设计计划,可解释以及可验证的预测以及对感知错误的建模,以在现实自主系统的测试管道中实现有效的SIM到现实和真实的SIM转移。
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我们研究在线交互式强盗设置中的非模块化功能。我们是受到某些元素之间自然互补性的应用程序的动机:这仅使用只能代表元素之间竞争力的下函数来表达这一点。我们通过两种方式扩展了纯粹的下二次方法。首先,我们假设该物镜可以分解为单调下模量和超模块函数的总和,称为BP物镜。在这里,互补性自然是由超模型成分建模的。我们开发了UCB风格的算法,在每一轮比赛中,在采取行动以平衡对未知目标(探索)和选择似乎有希望的行动(剥削)的行动之间揭示的嘈杂收益。根据全知识的贪婪基线来定义遗憾和超模块化曲率,我们表明该算法最多可以在$ o(\ sqrt {t})$ hore $ t $ t $ t $ the $ t $ t $ the $ t $ t $ the $ the。其次,对于那些不承认BP结构的功能,我们提供了类似的遗憾保证,从其表现比率角度来看。这适用于几乎但不完全是子模型的功能。我们在数值上研究了Movielens数据集上电影推荐的任务,并选择用于分类的培训子集。通过这些示例,我们证明了该算法的性能以及将这些问题视为单次生管的缺点。
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变形金刚在NLP和计算机视觉上实现了突破,最近开始在自动驾驶汽车(AV)的轨迹预测中表现出有希望的表现。如何有效地对自我代理与其他道路和动态对象之间的交互关系建模仍然对标准注意模块仍然具有挑战性。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个类似变压器的架构模块MNM网络,该网络配备了新型掩盖的目标调节训练程序,用于AV轨迹预测。最终的模型名为高尔夫球手,取得了最先进的性能,在2022 Waymo Open DataSet Motion Predict挑战中赢得了第二名,并根据Minade排名第一。
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